The Sufferings of Christ
– J. N. Darby

The 1943 Publisher's Note says: The value of this paper 'The Sufferings of Christ' – written in 1858 – has long been recognised, and it is now re-issued in the assurance that it will be used to give deepened appreciation in the hesrts of the saints of these precious and holy sufferings. In J. N. Darby's preface to the third edition he stated that, if it ever came to a fourth edition, he hoped to publish it with the statements of the truth alone. The present edition is, therefore, in the form which the writer wished it to have; it contains only the original paper as revised by himself, without the critiscms of it, and the writer's replies to the same, which appeared in earlier editions.

See the comments of George W. Ware and Gordon W. Simmonds in

In the first place, we have to distinguish His sufferings from man, and His sufferings from God. Their cause, and the result of them, are equally contrasted.

• Christ did, we know, suffer from men. He was despised and rejected of men; a Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. The world hated Him before it hated His disciples; it hated Him because He bore witness of it that its works were evil.

• He was light, and he that doeth evil hateth the light; nor comes to the light, because his works are evil.

• In a word, Christ suffered for righteousness sake; even as it was from the beginning, in that which was a type of Jesus' history in this respect. Cain slew Abel, because his works were evil and his brother's righteous.

• We may add, that the love which caused the Lord to minister to men in the world, and testify of their evil, brought only more sorrow upon Him. For His love He had hatred, Psalm 109: 5. This hatred of man against Him never slackened till His death, when, in the folly of human exultation, they could shout,
  • “Ah! so would we have it”, Psalm 35: 25.

• Righteousness and love, and what was indeed the manifestation of the divine nature and ways on the earth, brought out the relentless hatred of the human mind and will. Christ suffered from man for righteousness' sake.

But He suffered also from the hand of God upon the cross.

• “It pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed”, Isaiah 53: 10.

• He was made sin for us, He who knew no sin, 2 Corinthians 5: 21; and then,
  • “he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him”, Isaiah 53: 5.

• There He suffered the Just for the unjust; that is, He suffered, not because He was righteous, but because we were sinners, and He was bearing our sins in His own body on the tree. As regards God's forsaking Him, He could say,
  • “Why hast thou forsaken me?” Psalm 22: 1,

• for in Him there was no cause. We can give the solemn answer. In grace He suffered the Just for the unjust; He had been made sin for us.

• Thus, He suffered for righteousness, as a living Man, from men; as a dying Saviour, He suffered from the hand of God for sin. It is most interesting to notice the result of these two characters of suffering as expressed in the Psalms.

In Psalms 20 and 21 we see the Messiah pro­phetically viewed as suffering on the earth from men. It was the day of trouble. They imagined a device against Him which they were not able to perform.

• But He asks life, and is given length of days for ever. Glory and great majesty are put upon Him. What is the effect of His being thus glorified by Jehovah in answer to the scorn and violence of ungodly men?

• Judgment; His hand finds out all His enemies. He makes them as a fiery oven in the day of His anger; as He said,
  • “those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me”, Luke 19: 27.

• The same thing may be seen in Psalm 69: 1-24. The effect of His suffering from the hand of wicked men is judgment on themselves.

In Psalm 22 we have, besides all these sufferings from the hand of men, and when they had reached their height – see the whole Psalm up to verse 21 – His suffering from the hand of God.

• When under the pressure of the others, God, His only resource, forsakes Him. This is the great theme of the psalm. But what is the result of this? This was the bearing of sin – at least the consequence of His bearing it. It was the judgment, so to speak, which our sins brought on Him who had taken us up in love.

• But He came to put sin away by the sacrifice of Himself and to bear our sins in His own body on the tree. Hence the result is unmingled grace­ – nothing else. Who was to be punished for His having drunk the cup at His Father's hand? He is heard.

• God takes the new character of one who has raised Him up and given Him glory, because He had perfectly glorified Him about sin. He is raised from the dead by the glory of the Father. The name of His God and Father He immediately declares to His brethren:
  • “I will declare thy name unto my brethren”, Psalm 22: 22.

• So in fact He did, when He said to Mary Magdalene,
  • “Touch me not;” He was not now coming to be corporally present in the kingdom, “for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God”, John 20: 17.

• The testimony was now grace, and Jesus leads the praises of His redeemed.

• Next – Psalm 22 – all Israel, the great congregation, is found in the praise also; then all the ends of the world. The fat eat and worship; all that go down into the dust; and the generation that shall be born, when that time of peace is come, shall also hear the wondrous story of that which the angels now desire to look into-that He hath done this.

• It is an unmingled stream of grace and blessing, widening to the ends of the earth, and flowing down the course of time to the generation which shall be born.

Such is the effect of the cross. No word of judgment follows the tale it has to tell. The suffer­ing there was the judgment on sin, but was the work done to put it away.

• The judgment was borne, but passed away with its execution on the victim, who had in grace substituted Himself; and if, indeed, we shall be manifested before the judgment-seat of Christ, He, before whom we shall appear, has Himself borne our sins; yea, we arrive there, because He has Himself come to fetch us, that where He is, there we may be also.

• In a word, it was suffering from God; and suffering from God, is suffering for sin,* not for righteous­ness; and the effect, unmingled grace, now freely flowing forth.
  • [* Positive direct suffering from God is for sin; from man it is for righteousness.

    But that does not set aside the sorrows of Christ's heart in respect of Israel's rejection, and His own cutting off as Messiah.

    It does not set aside that He felt what death was; that it became God to make the Captain of our salvation perfect through sufferings.

    This is not, in the true sense of the word, suffering from God in that sense of the forsaking of God of which Psalm 22 speaks.]

• Christ had been baptised with the baptism He had to be baptised with. He was no longer straitened in the exercise and proclamation of love.

• When He suffered from man through the whole of His witness among them up to death itself, He was suffering for righteousness. Sin He had not, in His person, to suffer for. He was no substituted victim in the eyes of men.

• The result of these sufferings from the power of men is judgment, to be accomplished on His return – in a providential way already in the destruction of Jerusalem, but fully when He shall return.

But there is another point of contrast, consequently, very important for us. Christ suffered for sins that we never might. We are healed by, not partakers of, His stripes.

• What Christ has suffered from the forsaking of God as the conse­quence of sin, He has suffered alone, and exactly, as to us, with the object that we never should taste one drop of that dreadful, bitter, to us insupportable, cup. Did we drink it, it were as condemned sinners.

• But in the sufferings of Christ for righteousness, and in those which were caused to Him through His work of love, we are, poor and feeble as our faith is, to have a part. To us it is given, not only to believe on, but also to suffer for, His name.

• If we suffer with Him, we shall reign with Him. If we suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are we, and yet more blessed if we suffer for His name – the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon us. We can rejoice that we are partakers of His sufferings, that when His glory shall be revealed, we may be glad with exceeding joy.

• The suffering for righteousness and for Christ, I may remark in passing, are distinguished by the Lord Himself – Matthew 5: 10-11; and by Peter – 1 Peter 2: 20; 3: 17; 4: 14.

The principle of these two kinds of suffering, however, as contrasted with suffering for sins, is the same.

• The difference of suffering for good and for evil is touchingly contrasted in Peter's epistle, while both are attributed to Christ; and we are warned against the latter.

• Christ is pre­sented as suffering as an example, chapter 2: 19-23, where we see, in verse 23, he refers to the revilings and violence of men;
  • in verse 24, he adds His bearing our sins, showing that it is in order that we may be dead to sin, not suffer for that.

• But this is brought out, as I said, touchingly, in chapter 3: 17-18, the force of which I take to be this: the apostle had been speaking of suffering for righteousness, and adds, It is better, if it be God's will, that you suffer for well doing than for evil doing; for, he adds, Christ has suffered once for sins.

• That is, this is not your part in suffering; He has done this once for all. Suffering for righteousness may be your happy portion; suffering for sin is, as regards the Christian, Christ's part alone.

I would notice two other characters of suffering in our blessed Lord.

• In the first place, His heart of love must have suffered greatly from the un­belief of unhappy man, and from His rejection by the people.

• We read of His sighing in opening the deaf ears and loosing the tied tongue – Mark 7: 34; and on the Pharisees asking a sign – chapter 8: 12 – of His sighing deeply in spirit.

• So indeed, in John 11 at the tomb of Lazarus, He wept and groaned within Himself at seeing the power of death over the spirits of men, and their incapacity to deliver themselves; and He wept also over Jerusalem, when He saw the beloved city just going to reject Him in the day of its visitation.

• All this was the suffering of perfect love, moving through a scene of ruin, in which self-will and heartlessness shut every avenue against this love which was so earn­estly working in its midst.

• It must have been­ with bright and blessed moments where its exercise proved sweetness to itself, and led His heart out by times to fields white for harvest – a constant source of sorrow.

• This sorrow, blessed be God, and the joy that brightens it, we are allowed, in our little measure, to partake of. It is the sorrow of love itself.

A weight of another character pressed upon the Lord, I doubt not, often through His life; and must and ought to have done so, though only showing perfectness; that is, in blessed submission to the divine will.

• I mean the anticipation, when the time was there for Him to look at it – how often are we distracted by our little anticipated sorrows! – of His sufferings on the cross and their true and pressing character.

• On His path of life death lay. He could not, as we see, take His part with the excellent of the earth, and bring them into the pur­posed, or, indeed, any real and permanent blessing, without going through death, and death as the wages of sin, for they were sinners.

• If the corn of wheat did not fall into the ground and die, it abode alone.* There none could follow-not indeed the disciples, as He tells them, more that the Jews.
  [* As incarnate, He abode alone – is never said to be united to men. Believers are united to Him in glory, when sealed by the Holy Ghost.]

• And for Him death was death. Man's utter weakness, Satan's extreme power, and God's just vengeance; and alone, without one sympathy, forsaken of those whom He had cherished, the rest His enemies;
  • Messiah delivered to Gentiles and cast down; the judge washing his hands of condemning innocence; the priests interceding against the guiltless instead of for the guilty – all dark, without one ray of light even from God.

• Here perfect obedience was needed, and – blessed be God! – was found. But we can understand, and just in the measure of Christ's divine, while human, sensibilities, what such sorrow must have been in prospect for a soul who looked at it with the feelings of a Man perfect in thought and apprehension, by the divine light which was in Him.

We have examples of these sorrows of the Lord's heart in two remarkable cases, which, of course, though none were like the last, do not at all exclude the thought that others may have been, nor give full light on what He may have felt when, in perfect calmness, He spoke of His future sufferings to His disciples.

• The cases I refer to are those of John 12 and Gethsemane. In the former we read,
  • “Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour:” verse 27.

• The coming up of the Gentiles had opened out before Him the scene of the rejected Christ passing into the wider glory of the Son of man; but then the com of wheat must fall into the ground and die.

• This brings before His soul the true and necessary path of His glory – death, and all it meant, to His soul, and He looks for deliverance. He could not wish for, nor fail to fear, the forsaking of God and the cup of death He had to drink. He was heard in that He feared. That was truth, and true piety, in the presence of such a passage for His soul.

So in Gethsemane, when it was yet nearer, and the prince of this world came, and His soul was exceeding sorrowful unto death; when the cup was just as it were being brought to Him, though He had not yet taken it –

• for He would take it from none but from His Father's hand, when His will was that He should drink it, because it was not possible it could be otherwise, if the purpose and word of God was to be accomplished

• – there this character of sorrow and trial, or temptation, reached its fulness.

• The tempter – who on His entrance on His public service, and to hinder His doing so, had tempted Him with what was agreeable to the flesh in the wilderness and on the pinnacle of the temple, and had been battled and bound, and during the Lord's life had his goods spoiled –
  • now returns to try Him with all that was dreadful for the soul of man, and above all for the Lord, if He persevered in His obedience and work unto the end.

• Power had been displayed capable of delivering living man from all the dominion of the enemy.

• Another awful, dreadful truth had now come out: man would not have the Deliverer. If the Lord was to persevere in interesting Himself in the wretched race, He must be, not a mighty living Deliverer by power, but a dying Redeemer. It was the path of obedience and the path of love.
  • “The prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me; but that the world may know that I love the Father; and as the Father gave me commandment, even so I do”, John 14: 30-31.

But in both the cases we are now considering, we find Him still with His Father, though occupied with Him about the cup He had to drink, and His obedience oo1y shining out in its perfection.

• There was no forsaking of God yet, though there was dealing with His Father about that cup which was characterised by His being forsaken of God.
  • “Father, save me from this hour: but for this cause came I unto this hour. Father, glorify thy name”, John 12: 27-28.

• Here He gets the answer to obedience to death in judgment, of real and com­plete victory, and the wide-spread opening out of the revelation of love, though the world was judged therein.

• But in Gethsemane all was closing in. It was the power of darkness, and the deeper agony of the Lord told itself out in few, yet how mighty, words, and sweat as it were drops of blood.

• But the obedience was perfect. The tempter utterly foiled, the name of Jesus suffices to make all his agents go backward and fall to the ground, John 18: 6. He, as far as they were concerned and Satan's power went, was free.

• But the Father had given Him the cup to drink. He freely offers Himself to drink it, showing the same unweakened power as ever, that, of those given to Him, He might lose none, John 18: 9. Wondrous scene of obedience and love!

• But whatever the suffering may be – and who can tell it? – it was the free moving of a Man in grace, but of a Man perfect in obedience to God. The cup His Father has given Him to drink, shall He not drink it?

• How utterly, though indeed there, do the unhappy instruments of this power of evil disappear before the offering up of Christ by Himself in obedience and love! The power of death, as that of the enemy, gone through with His Father, and gone, and He in blessed, willing obedience now taking the awful cup itself from His Father's hand!

• Never can we meditate too much upon the path of Christ here. We may linger around the spot and learn what no other place nor scene can tell – a perfectness which is learnt from Him and from Him alone.

• But I must turn now to other parts of Christ's sorrow, for I can only touch on its causes and character.

Sin itself must have been a continual source of sorrow to the Lord's mind.

• If Lot vexed his righteous soul with seeing and hearing, when so practically far from God, what must the Lord have suffered in passing through the world!
  • I doubt not that, being perfectly in the place God would have Him, He was, not only in degree, but in the very nature of His feelings, calmer than the righteous man in Sodom.

• Still He was distressed by sin. He looked about upon them with anger, being grieved at the hardness of their hearts, Mark 3: 5. His perfect love was relief here, but did not hinder the sorrow it relieved.
  • “O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you?” was met by, “bring him” [thy son] “hither to me”, Matthew 17: 17.

• But the un­belief was not the less felt. This was at the close, doubtless, and had special respect to their unbelief, which His own love instantly rises over. Still He was in a dry and thirsty land, where no water was, and felt it, even if His own soul was also filled as with marrow and fatness.

• The holier and more loving He was, the more dreadful was the sin to Him; where His people wandered too, as sheep without a shepherd.

The sorrows, too, of men were in His heart. He bore their sicknesses, and carried their infirmities. Not a sorrow nor an affliction He met, that He did not bear on His heart as His own.

• “In all their affliction he was afflicted”, Isaiah 63: 9.

• It was no light-hearted remedy that, even as a living Man, the Lord applied. He bore in His spirit what He took away in His power, for all was the fruit of sin in man: only it was in gracious love.

• Our sins He bore too, and was made sin for us, but that as we have seen, was on the cross – obedience, not sympathy. God made Him, who knew no sin, to be sin for us.

• All the rest was the sympathy of love, though it was sorrow. This is a blessed character of the Lord's sorrow.

• Love brought Him to the cross, we well know; but His sorrow there had not the present joy of a ministration of love. He was not dealing with man, but suffering in his place, in obedience, from God, and for man. Hence it was unmingled, unmitigated suffering­ the scene, not of active goodness, but of God for­saking:
  • but all His sorrow in His ways with men was the direct fruit of love, sensibly acting on Him ­He felt for others, about others. That feeling was – oh! how constantly – sorrow in a world of sin; but that feeling was love.

• This is sweet to our thought. For His love He might have hatred, but the present exercise of love has a sweetness and character of its own which no form of sorrow it may impart ever takes away; and in Him it was perfect.

• I do not indeed deny that righteous anger filled His soul when occasion called it forth­ we know it did – yea, brought out such denounce­ment of woes, as I believe nothing but perfect love could produce;
  • for what must He have felt of those who took away the key of knowledge, and entered not in themselves, and hindered those that were entering!

• Righteous indignation is not sorrow; but the love that gives birth to it, where it is righteous, stamps its own peculiar character upon it.

Another source of sorrow – for what has Christ not drunk at? – was, perhaps, more human, but not less true – I mean the violation of every delicacy which a perfectly attuned mind could feel.

• “They look and stare upon me”, Psalm 22: 17.

• Insult, scorn, deceit, efforts to catch Him in His words, brutality and cruel mocking, fell upon no insensible, though a divinely patient spirit. I say nothing of desertion, betrayal, and denial – He looked for some to have pity on Him, and there was no one, and for comforters, but found none – but of what broke in upon every delicate feeling of His nature as a Man.

• Reproach broke His heart. He was the song of the drunkards. Doubtless, Jehovah knew His shame, His reproach, and His dishonour; all His adversaries were before Him; but He passed through it all. No divine perfection saved Him from sorrow. He passed through it with divine perfection, and by it.

• But I do not believe there was a single human feeling – and every most delicate feeling of a perfect soul was there – that was not violated and trodden on in Christ. Doubtless, it was nothing to the cup He had to drink. Men and their ways were forgotten there; but the suffering was not the less real when it was there; and even when, at least, anticipating that cup of wrath, He would have His too confident disciples watch by Him, He only found them asleep at His return.

• All was sorrow but the exercise of love, and that must, at last, make its way to obedience in death, where the judgment of God against sin closed over and obliterated the hatred and wicked­ness of man. Such was Christ.

• All sorrow con­centrated in His death, where the comfort of active love, and the communion with His Father, could put no alleviating sweetness, or be for a moment mingled with that dreadful cup and the curse He had to endure.

• There, promises, royal glory in title, all was given up, to have them infallibly anew, received in glory, from the Father's hand, with a better and higher glory, which He had ever had indeed, but now would enter into as Man.

The sufferings of our blessed Lord are too solemn, too holy, a subject to dispose one who feels he owes his all to them, to make them a subject of dispute or controversy.

• It is my desire to avoid this, yet not so as to let disastrous and fatal error overcome my heart.

We cannot have too deep a sense of the depth of the Lord's suffering in His atoning work, of that which no human word is competent to express – for in human language we express but our own feelings – what the Lord's drinking the cup that sin had filled under the judgment of God was to Him. With this nothing can be mingled and mixed up.

• Divine judgment against sin, and the being made a curse, really felt, and truly felt in the soul of One who, by His perfect holiness and love to God and sense of God's love in its infinite value, could know what the forsaking of God was, and what it was to be made sin before God, of One too who was by virtue of His person, able to sustain it, stands wholly apart and alone.

• Dreadful as the anticipation of it must have been, as it surely was, it was not that which was anticipated. No simple fact of death, dreadful as it was to the Prince of life, still less any human sufferings, real and absolute as His were – and without one eye to pity, one heart to feel with the Sufferer – could be put on a level with being made a curse before God.

Hence, in Psalm 22, the Lord expresses it Him­self alone. He refers to the violence and wicked­ness of man in that Psalm; He refers to His own sense of weakness; and, in the midst of all that,

• contrasts with it God's being far from Him, as the distinct point of conflict in it, but openly declares that in all sorrow where others had help, God had forsaken Him.

• Hence, as has been said elsewhere, the fruit of this is unmingled grace, and grace and blessing alone, because it was executed judgment against sin, and suffering from God for it.

• Sorrows from man's hand might and will bring judgment, if viewed as the fruit of enmity of will; but the forsaking of God when Christ was made sin – who is to be judged for that? None; this stands abso­lutely and wholly alone, and Christ wholly alone in it. It works atonement, expiation. Can anyone else suffer what works this?

• Hence Christ puts Himself wholly alone in this Psalm 22 – contrasts Himself with others who are believers. They trusted God and were delivered; He was forsaken.

• Suffering can go on of the deepest and most poignant kind, distress and anxiety even in respect of sin: suffering can go on even to death, with its terrible power as such over the heart of man – can culminate to the very point where wrath is also found;
  • but all close and reach their limit here; all stop totally and wholly in their nature short of the wrath of God.

• They have their place and character as elements of human sorrow, however extreme; but all give way when this is there. Who could feel sorrow, though sorrow was there, when wrath, God's wrath against sin, is there?

• Not merely bitter consequences on the sinners, even to death, for all that is true – and Christ has trodden that path­ but to stand as sin before God, in Christ's case surely as made it, that God might deal with it as such in His holy majesty and divine righteousness against sin-this stands alone: woe be to him who does not know it.

Hence, even in Psalm 69, far, very far, as it goes in the sorrows and sufferings of Christ, and that in connection even with sins known to God, long as may be His cry, and to sense and feeling long unheard; yet the Spirit can introduce others into the same place.

• I do not say they suffer as much or as deeply – surely not; but they could suffer in the same way, because of the position their own sins have brought them into.*
  [* This refers to Christ's entering into the sorrows of the Jewish remnant. Christ entered into these sorrows in grace; just as by grace He tasted death].

  • “For they per­secute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded”, verse 26.

• Hence judgment is looked for on them. It is not atonement. These sufferings from man bring judicial visitation on man.

• In Psalm 22 all suffer­ing saints are, as we have seen, contrasted with Him. When the redemption is accomplished by it, when He has been heard from the horns of the unicorns, then indeed He associates His brethren with Him; but it is in deliverance, joy, and peace.

• Who could make atonement, or be made a curse for its accomplishment, but One? In every other sorrow we can bear a part.

And this difference between Psalm 22 and Psalm 69 is so marked, that Psalm 69, while dwelling on the sufferings which came upon Christ on His drawing near to death, and giving the cry of deep distress as to state and circumstances as its thesis, instead of presenting to us His being forsaken of God while crying to Him, says,

• “But as for me, my prayer is unto thee, O Jehovah, in an acceptable time: O God, in the multitude of thy mercy hear me, in the truth of thy salvation”, verse 13.

• Hence even in the expression of His anguish and sorrow, deep as it was, we have no word like Psalm 22: 2, “but thou hearest not”

• Now it is impossible that a spiritual mind, one who knows something of the value of divine favour and being able to look to Him, however deep and inward the distress, be it even through sins and failures,
  • can fail to under­stand the immense and absolute difference of these two states:

• it is equally impossible for us – yea, blessedly so – to fathom the depth of that which Psalm 22 expresses.

Now it is the sense of the true character of Christ's sufferings as made sin, and God's dealing with Him as so made sin before Him – the being, as to the state of His soul, really forsaken of God, and because of sin, so that the sufferings were necessary and deserved, as undergone for others, but really undergone – that is of the very last importance to hold fast as fundamental and everlasting truth.*

[* The preceding sentence has been rearranged in this edition to avoid ambiguity. – Original Editor.]
• As regards the truth itself, I repeat, no divinely­-taught mind, however obscure it may be as to the doctrine of the proper nature and character of Christ's living sufferings – however it may, through feelings, run up the depths of Christ's sorrow into mixing with those sorrows His atoning work –
  • no divinely-taught mind will, as to the positive truth, fail to distinguish from all else the reality of Christ's own soul as made sin for us, exposed to and enduring God's righteous dealing with sin and being forsaken of Him, which in grace He underwent

• – will fail to distinguish this from all other sorrow and suffering, however deep, in which He could say, for example,
  • “But as for me, my prayer is unto thee in an acceptable time”, Psalm 69: 13;

• in which He did not say, “But thou hearest not”.

One may find many passages difficult to explain – ­may be confused by the reasoning of others: he may, as to his feelings, confuse anticipating the cup of wrath and drinking it. We have all, more or less, done this;

• but when the real bearing our sins, being made sin before God, His being forsaken by reason of sin, is before our soul and conscience,

• we shall bow our souls before that solemn work,we shall know that Christ stood alone in it: nor shall we ever mix it up, for one instant, with sorrow, how­ever deep, in which others could bear a part.

• In all sorrows of active love, in all brought upon us by the government of God for sin, we-at any rate man – as for example the Jewish remnant, and, in principle, sinners under the law, or at any time in chastisement when needed – can bear a thankful part, or have to bow under it.

• Reproach may break man's heart; he may stand alone and be forsaken of men; he may cry out of the depths, because of sin; but bear the weight of divine wrath he knows he could not. He adores when he finds Another has taken his place, and that the chastisement of his peace was upon Him. But this demands a more orderly exposition.

There is a double character of suffering besides atoning work, which Christ has entered into and which others can feel:

1. the sufferings arising from active love in the world;

2. and the sorrow arising from the sense of chastenings in respect of sin; and these latter mixed with the pressure of Satan's power on the soul, and the terror of foreseen wrath against sin.

• In the former we suffer with Christ as privilege; in the latter we suffer for our folly and under God's hand, but Christ has entered into it. He sympathises with us, and especially with Israel

• But all this is distinct from suffering instead of us, so as to save us from the suffering, undergoing the chastisement of our peace that we might not remain under God's wrath.

• In atonement He suffers for us, in service we suffer with Him: in our distress about sin and agony of mind He felt with us.

We shall see that the Lord Himself and the teach­ings of the gospels clearly distinguish the sufferings of Christ during His ministry here, and His closing sufferings, and these last – even though taking place at the same time – from His atoning work.

• As soon as the Lord was baptised of John, the Holy Spirit came upon Him and He entered on His public ministry; but, as a first and introductory step to it,
  • He “was led of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil”.

• He overcame; the strong man was bound, and He proceeded to spoil his goods; He went about doing good and healing all that were oppressed of the devil, for God was with Him. Let it be demoniacal possession, sickness, death: all and every fruit of the power of the enemy disappeared before His word.

• He went through sorrow – reproach from man, He took their burdens upon Himself. I have no doubt that Christ never healed a sick man without bearing in His spirit and heart the burden of it, as the fruit and power of evil: but all this was the activity of His love.
  • “Himself took our infirmities and bare our sicknesses”.

• This is said, remark, when He healed them. Bearing our griefs and sorrows, and delivering us from them by power, is not bearing our sins, and being made sin before God in judg­ment.

But further, Satan was not with Him in the way of direct temptation during the course of His ministry. We read in Luke,

• “And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season”.

• But at the close of His life He could say,
  • “Henceforth I will not talk much with you, for the prince of this world cometh and hath nothing in me …”.

• Here a distinct change takes place again as to the position of the Lord in respect of the presence of Satan. Hence He could say to those who came from the chief priests afterwards,
  • “But this is your hour and the power of darkness”.

• Previously He had sat daily with them in the temple, and they had laid no hands on Him; but this – terrible word for those unhappy men! – was their hour and the power of darkness.

• He that had the power of death was busy there with the Lord, nor did He withdraw Himself from the trial. His soul was exceedingly sorrowful, even unto death, and he who had the power of darkness brought it all to bear upon His soul; but even here He could look for His disciples to watch with Him.

• They could be sifted as wheat, though their only resource – as that hour came on with real power – was to flee, or they entered into the temptation; at least when they knew not the power of the Holy Ghost working in them, for they should follow Christ afterwards, as He told Peter at least.

• This difference of His own position the Lord marks out to them very clearly:
  • “When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked ye anything? And they said, Nothing. Then said he unto them,

    “But now, he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise his scrip; and he that hath no sword let him sell his garment and buy one; for I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be accomplished in me, And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end”. Luke 22: 35-37.

Now all was changed. Before, He had protected them by His divine power, by which He wrought in the world.

• Now, while His divine Person was ever the same, and His power in itself unchange­able, He was to be rejected and suffer. The glory would come, but first, He must suffer many things, and be rejected of that generation.

• This He taught specially to His disciples from the time of Peter's confession of Him as Son of the living God; from the transfiguration onward, and in His last journey from Galilee to Jerusalem

• Not that He was suffering these things then – His hour, we read in John, was not yet come – but He taught them that He must suffer – see Matthew 16: 21; 17: 12, “shall suffer”; and chapter 17: 22; Mark 8: 31; Luke 9: 22.

• And it is the more remarkable because it is then He charges His disciples to tell no man that He was the Christ, saying,
  • “the Son of man must suffer”.

• He was giving up, practically, His ministry of the circumcision for the truth of God, the witness of Jehovah; the Messiah,* and about to enter on another, the sufferings of the Son of man.

• It will be remarked, that it is on the suggestion of this title also to His spirit by the coming of the Greeks, in John 12, that His cross and death rise up at once before His soul – compare Psalm 2 and the use made of Psalm 8 by the apostle in Hebrews 2.
  • * This, however, was continued in patience up to His entry into Jerusalem on the ass, when He announces the vineyard was to be taken away from them.

But to return to our immediate point. He tells them that He was about to suffer. We have seen that the prince of this world was to come. Satan entered into Judas, and it was the hour of His enemies and the power of darkness. This He spoke at the time He met the band from the chief priests, at the close of Gethsemane.

• Here there was a distinctly announced and openly declared change that took place in the character of the Lord's service and suffering – His position. It is not His service as Prince of life, though He ever was this and proved it, spoiling the goods of His vanquished enemy.
  • “The prince of this world cometh”.

• It is the power of darkness, and His undergoing it in agony for our sakes – His soul sorrowful, even unto death – the whole power on His own soul of the enemy as having the power of death: still, this was as yet in communion and supplication with His Father about it, and as heard of Him.

• And here we have the most distinct and definite revelation from His own lips, that He was not yet drinking the cup which His Father gave Him to drink. He prays that He might not drink it, that if it were possible the cup might pass from Him, but that if not unless He drank it – His submission to His Father's will was perfect.

• Here, doubtless, His soul enters in the deepest way into what it was that He had to drink – it was sorrowful, even unto death; but being in an agony He prayed more earnestly. He was heard.

• He did not take the cup from man's hand, nor from Satan's hand, though both were there to press Him down, and all His weakness felt as Man;
  • but He goes through the thought of that, and death itself, in heard supplication with Him who was able to save Him from it, and takes the cup in perfect peace, as to man and Satan's power of darkness, from His Father's hand,

• and offers Himself freely, that none that the Father had given Him might be lost – John 18: 4-11.

• The Father had given Him the cup to drink. He does not draw back from it, but freely offers Himself for us. Had, He not done so in blessed obedience, He had only to walk away before His prostrate pursuers, or have demanded legions of angels to free Him from their power. But how should the Scriptures have been fulfilled?

• But on the cross all is finished. God forsakes Him, and He who knew no sin, is dealt with as made sin before God, alone with God, dealt with as became God's holy majesty, as sin uncovered, and wholly such.

• If there had been any sin, or any had been possible, the time for consciousness of it had been then. Every trial which could have drawn it out, if it had been there to be conscious of, had reached its full height;
  • but the spotless Offering on which no yoke had been, He who offered Himself without spot to God, was made sin for us, that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him.

• He made His soul an offering for sin, as it is said too in the passage of Isaiah 53, referred to by the Lord Himself, Luke 22: 37, as that which was yet to come;
  • “he hath poured out his soul unto death; and he was numbered with the transgressors, and he bare the sin of many”.

And now, before I go farther, I ask, Is not His death presented in Scripture as that by which redemption was wrought – His precious blood as its efficacious means?

• Have we not redemption through His blood, even the forgiveness of sins? Is it not by the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot? Is it not declared that without shedding of blood there is no remission?

• Let the reader take Hebrews 9, the latter part of which I shall allow myself to quote here in full. It is well worth all human authorities, be they of what age they may.
  • “But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us.

    “For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh; how much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?

    “And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the trans­gressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator; for a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth.

    “Whereupon neither the first [testament] was dedicated without blood. For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water and scarlet wool and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book and all the people, saying, This is the blood of the testament which God hath enjoined unto you. Moreover he sprinkled with blood both the tabernacle and all the vessels of the ministry. And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission.

    “It was therefore, necessary that the patterns of things in the heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things themselves with better sacri­fices than these. For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; for then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself.

    “And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment; so Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation”, verses 11-28.

Let the reader remark that “without shedding of blood is no remission”, – and the declaration that He must often have suffered if He was to offer Himself often, as the high priest with the blood of others, but that it was once, in the end of the world, He appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself.

• “So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many;”

• Let him turn to chapter 10, where, in contrast with standing for daily ministrations,
  • “this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins, for ever sat down”.

• Was the way into the holiest to be opened? It was
  • “through the veil, that is to say, his flesh”.

• Indeed, if we examine the value of the death of Christ, what do we find attached to it in Scripture?

Do I need redemption? We have redemption through His blood, an eternal redemption, for

• “neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption”.

Do I need forgiveness? That redemption which I have through His blood is the forgiveness of sins – ­yea, without shedding of blood is no remission.

Do I need peace? He has made peace through the blood of His cross.

Do I need reconciliation with God? Though we were sinners, yet now hath He reconciled us by the body of His flesh through death, to present us holy and unblamable, and unreprovable in God's sight. When we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of His Son.

Do I desire to be dead to sin and have the flesh crucified with its affections and lusts?

• “I am cruci­fied with Christ”.

• “Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed”.

• “For in that he died, he died unto sin once, and in that he liveth, he liveth unto God”.

• This is my deliverance also from the charge and burden of the law, which lias dominion over a man as long as he lives.

Do I feel the need of propitiation? Christ is set forth as a propitiation through faith in His blood. The need of justification? I am justified by His blood.

Would I have a part with Christ? He must die; for except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abides alone; if it die, it brings forth much fruit.

Hence, unto what am I baptised as the public expression of my faith?

• As many of us as have been baptised unto Christ have been baptised unto His death; for what indeed has broken down the middle wall of partition and let in the Gentiles, slaying the enmity and reconciling Jew and Gentile in one body to God? The cross.

• How have we boldness to enter into the holiest?
  • “By the blood of Jesus, by a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh”;

• for till that was rent,* the Holy Spirit signified by it that the way into the holiest was not yet made manifest.
  • * This has been retained as written, though the veil is not stated to be rent in this connection. See Hebrews 10: 20. – ED.

Hence it was a lifted up Christ that was the attractive point for all.

• “I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me”, John 12: 32.

In the power of what was the great Shepherd of the sheep brought again from the dead? Through the blood of the everlasting covenant.

How was the curse of the law taken away from those who were under it? By Christ's being made a curse for them; as it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree.

How are we washed from our sins? He has loved us and washed us from our sins in His own blood, for His blood cIeanseth from all sin.

If I would be delivered from the world it is by the cross, by which the world is crucified to me, and I unto the world.

If the love of Christ constrains me towards men in the thought of the terror of the Lord, how is it so?

• Because I thus judge, if One died for all, then were all dead; and they that live should live, not to themselves, but to Him who died for them and rose again, 2 Corinthians 5: 14-15.

• Hence the apostle knew no man after the flesh – no, not even Christ. All was a new creation.

• If I would live in divine power, it is always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life of Jesus may be manifested in my mortal body.

• If He would institute a special remembrance to call Him to mind, it was His body and shed blood. It is not less a Lamb as it were slain that is found in the throne.

All was love, no doubt; but do I want to learn it? Hereby we know it, that He laid down His life for us, and even that of God, in that He loved us and gave His Son as a propitiation for our sins.

• It is to the obedience and sprinkling of that precious blood of Jesus Christ that we are sanctified;* and through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once – contrasted with the many Jewish sacrifices;
  [* I have no doubt whatever that “Jesus Christ” in 1 Peter 1: 2, is in connection with obedience as well as with sprinkling of the blood].

  • sanc­tified and perfected for ever, so that there is no more offering for sin; for, having offered one sacrifice for sins, He is set down for ever* at the right hand of God. Hebrews 10: 12.
    [* Literally “Sat down in perpetuity”. I reject entirely as utterly senseless, what is become some­what the fashion – the reading it, “one sacrifice for ever”.]

• For He should not offer Himself often, as the high priest entered into the holy place once every year with the blood of others; for then must He often have suffered since the foundation of the world; but now once in the end of the world He hath appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself: for as it is appointed unto men once to die and after this the judgment, so Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many, and to them that look for Him shall He appear the second time without sin unto salvation.

Do I desire, then, to have my conscience purged? It is through the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself without spot to God.*

[* Note this, and indeed all these passages, for they show what is the meaning of Christ's offering Himself to God.]

• For it is by means of death that there is redemption of the transgressions which were under the first covenant, and in that view He became Mediator. Indeed, a testament could have no force while the testator lived.

Do I seek the destruction of the power of Satan? It is through death that He destroyed – the power of – him that had the power of death.

What do I find to be the central object of Christ's coming – the groundwork of His glory as Man?

• We see Him who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour, that He by the grace of God might taste death for every man.

• And even the purifying and reconciling all things in heaven and earth depends on this. Hebrews 9: 23, Colossians 1: 20.

Would He sanctify even the Jewish people to Himself? It must be by His blood – suffering, rejected, without the gate.

• No remission for us, no privileges of the new covenant for us, nor estab­lishing of it with them, without this blood: re­demption is not without it.

• The living sinner as such cannot be presented to God, nor a living Christ offer that by which the sinner must draw nigh. The veil remains unrent, the conscience unpurged, the propitiation unaccomplished.

• God forbore with the Old Testament saints, and has shown His righteousness in doing so now – a righteousness now declared in that propitiatory set forth through faith in Christ's blood.

• It is alleged, indeed, that He came to do God's will in taking the place of the sacrifices, and that His obedience during life is available in expiation; but we read,
  • “by the which will we are sanctified, through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all”.

It is alleged that His living obedience had the same legal character as His death.

• Is it the same thing, then, to obey the law with unfeigned heart, so as to be perfectly acceptable to God personally, as to bear its curse for others under the wrath and judgment of God?

• Is it possible that Christians, who know what the need of their own souls as sinners is, can use such reasoning?

Having thus proposed the blessed value of Christ's death from Scripture, and leaving it to its own force without comment, allow me to go yet a little farther into the elements and character of His sufferings as available for us, so that we may the more fully appreciate His grace.

• Man may be looked at morally in three conditions:

1. first, as a sinner under condemnation;

2. secondly as a saint through grace, partaker of the divine nature, and of the Holy Spirit as his force;

3. and thirdly, as suffering, though awakened, quickened, and, upright in desire, under the exercises of a soul learning, as still as to his mind in the flesh, the difference of good and evil under divine government in the presence of God, not fully known in grace and redemption, whose judgment of sin is before his eyes, exposed to all the advantage that Satan can take of him in such a state – such suffer­ing, for example, as is seen in the case of Job.

• Christ has passed through all these kinds of suffer­ing* – only the last, of course as Himself a perfect being, to learn it for others; I need not say that He was perfect in all.
  • [* That is, Christ has realised them in His own soul, only Messiah was really cut off. People have confounded His going through sufferings in His own soul, and being in the state of relationship which occasioned them.
    He did pass through such sufferings in His spirit; but it was because they belonged to others who were in the state which brought them on, and that He passed through that which makes Him to enter into such. Thus He was upright, feared death and wrath, cried to God with them before Him. What is spoken of is the kind of sufferings, and Jesus' spirit realising them.]

• But what met the first condition, that of a sinner under condemnation, He went through as actually bearing sins, and so enduring the penalty of sin vicariously for others, that they never might have it to endure.

• The second, He was truly in Himself, nay, our Leader in that path.

To the first of these conditions, our being under judgment and condemnation for sin, Christ's death upon the cross is the divine answer in expiation.

• All that God was in His nature, He was necessarily against sin; for, though He was love, love has no place in wrath against sin, and the withdrawal of the sense of it, consciousness in the soul of the privation of God, is the most dreadful of all suffer­ings – the most terrible horror to him who knows it: but Christ knew it infinitely.

• But God's divine majesty, His holiness, His righteousness, His truth, all in their very nature bore against Christ as made sin for us. All that God was, was against sin, and Christ was made sin. No comfort of love enfeebled wrath there. Never was the obedient Christ so precious; but His soul was to be made an offering for sin, and to bear our sins judicially before God.

• At the end of the three hours of darkness, this is expressed by the Lord in the words of Psalm 22,
  • “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”

• The result, and that to the end of time, and indeed for an endless eternity of unmingled grace for us, has been already touched on, and I will advert to it again in connection with remarkable facts as to the expressions of the Lord Himself.

• Here the Lord suffered that not one drop of what He took might remain for us. If it had, it would have been everlasting misery and ruin for us; His own divine perfection in love went through it without one ray of comfort from God or man.

• All other sorrows pressed Him on­ward with accumulating power to this, and merged in it, in that darkness which hid all except what He was enduring in the forsaking of God.

• Judges had been heartlessly unrighteous, and washed their hands of such a One and His matters; the chief priests, who should intercede for the infirm, cry for cruel death upon the guiltless;

• the friends on whom His heart ought to have been able to count – and He looked for comforters, and would have had the most favoured of them watch with Him – actually forsake and deny Him: and the unfaithfulness of a friend is bitterer than the assault of an enemy.

All this was the proof of the power of one who exercised unlimited dominion – save so far as grace delivered – over, and had his rights through sin and the power of death over, those whom the Lord came to deliver; and it was man's hour and the power of darkness.

• All he can do he does; but it only led the Lord through conflict, of which I will speak just now, in willing offering of Himself, letting His own go their way, to the last scene, when, deprived of all human comfort, He was to accomplish the work of propitiation, alone with God judging sin
  • – that scene which stands alone, which no eye can fathom – though, blessed be God, we truly know its meaning – but His who knows God's judicial hatred against sin as God alone knows it.

• Bulls of Bashan were there, dogs with no shame of heart, but only to drive the Sufferer to seek for succour where He was to learn in all its utter depth for us what it was to be forsaken of God – an hour passed for ever with divine and eternal glory for fruit.

• He even could say, so great was the infinite and truly divine value of that hour and work,
  • “therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again”.

But, willingly as I expatiate on this blessed yet most solemn subject, I must leave it, and turn to another and brighter, yet to us humbling character of the Lord's sufferings

• – those which He endured as the Holy One glorifying God, when the reproaches of those that reproached God fell upon Him. This went on up to His death.

• They flowed from His declaring righteousness in the great congregation; from His perfectly manifesting God amongst men, who had no relish for the light, so that for His love He had hatred.

• I do not enlarge upon this simply because I apprehend it can offer no difficulty to my reader. In our little and imperfect measure we have our share in this kind of suffering. It is our privilege as saints.
  • “To you it is given … not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake”, Philippians 1: 29.

  • “If we suffer, we shall also reign with him”, 2 Timothy 2: 12.

  • “If, when ye do well, and suffer for it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God”, 1 Peter 2: 20.

• Quotations could be multiplied to show how we are thus called to suffer as He suffered, as Paul speaks of his filling up that which is behind of the sufferings of Christ, for His body's sake, the church.

• In the measure in which we manifest Christ as He mani­fested His Father, in our walk and testimony, we shall suffer for it as He suffered, and His consola­tions will abound – a meat to eat which the flesh knows not of. He could thank His Father when He had most sorrowfully and justly to reproach the world.

But I now come to the third character of trial in which man may stand, which requires a little more attention

• – that which is not the fruit of holy witness in the world – though it may in a certain way accompany it – nor the enduring the judgment of God in condemnation, which for us would be everlasting misery,
  • but the fruit of sin under the government of God in this world, and connected with the power of Satan in it – that which, as used of God, is the means of our learning the difference between good and evil, whether in terror before the knowledge of redemption, or even by various exercises, though in an altogether different state of soul after we know it

• – for God continues even then His instructive government, founded on His immutable judgment of good and evil* – that which brings righteousness in the way of terror, though not without hope, before us,

• or, when redemption is known and divine righteousness is our state, ministers to practical holiness of life and judgment, according to the divine nature of which we are made partakers.
  • *I urge an earnest study of the force of this passage as most important for the soul, separating as far as needed the abstract question of evil in every soul, and the special circumstances of the remnant of Israel.

If we take the case of the remnant of the Jews in the latter day, we shall more readily understand this, though it is in principle the case of thousands of upright souls under the law, and a principle on which God has acted from the beginning of man's failure.

• The sentence of death, of sorrow on the woman, were judgments pronounced upon sin, as part of the display of God's government in this world, not in themselves everlasting condemnation and separation from God because of the holiness of His nature. That power of death and its terrors over the mind Satan wields, Hebrews 2: 14.

• Here it is that the thought of God's righteous judgment against sin, and the pains of death, and the power of Satan, unite in their pressure upon the soul.

• So when a soul is convinced of sin, and is practically under the law – that is, the requirements of God's righteousness on living man – the judgment of God is feared, the terrors of the Almighty can drink up the spirit.
  • God thus teaches a man what he is, what he is worth in this solemn question between Satan and God – the power of evil and of good.

• See the case of Job. God sustains man in grace and the sense of integrity, so that he clings to dependence on God, come what will; yet judgment is feared, God's holiness and righteous­ness pressed on the spirit weighed down with the sense of sin, the power of death as ending nature's hope and leading to judgment is there, and Satan uses it to drive to despair, to destroy faith, and break the spirit of man away from depending on God and believing in His love.

Without the atonement, there could be no answer in grace to this state, because we have deserved condemation;

• and if new life be there which clings to God, yet this very life gives the sense of God's holiness, which brings judgment on the soul conscious of sin.

• When the full work of grace in redemption is learnt, the soul obtains a peace only the more solid, and indeed only thereby really solid, that it has passed through these exercises by which sin is known, by which God's judgment of it is before the soul by His own convincing work, and Satan's effort spent, and resulting only in bringing us to the answer which atonement gives, and thus his power over us destroyed and gone for ever.

But though the answer to, and deliverance from, this state is the full and perfect redemption wrought by Christ,

• by which we are wholly taken out of the state in which we stood accused and liable to judg­ment, and transferred into the position of the last Adam before God,

• of Him who is now gone to His Father and our Father, His God and our God, there is positive and direct grace in the exercise itself.

• For, beside this deliverance and salvation by which our miserable case is met, there is the real learning of the difference of good and evil before God –
  • learned, I admit more blessedly when redemption is known, and we are in possession of perfect good in grace, so that evil is thus judged, and we are delivered from its deceits;

• but still, profitably learned in the knowledge of our wretched­ness, guilt, sin, powerlessness against evil even when we would what is good, and the solemnity of the question involved in the salvation of the soul,
  • where the claims and power of Satan through sin in which we have listened to and subjected ourselves to him, and the righteous nature and title of God are brought to issue in a soul,

• subject to sin on one side, and quickened to own God's title, and delight in His nature, and so to judge its own evil, on the other, and that in the presence of the righteous judgment of God.

Now, before it has obtained the peace acquired by the knowledge of redemption, Christ sustains, encourages, relieves by times, the soul in this state

• but not so as to hinder its learning this deep and solemn lesson which has its fruit in eternity; nor so as to prevent its finding its only resource in the redemption He has accomplished.

But in the case of the remnant of Israel in the latter days, we find these exercises of heart and spirit gone through in circumstances where the government of God is historically developed as to a people sinful under law, yet renewed and quickened of God, so that the desires and consciousness of uprightness are there.

• The circumstances are, with more complete development, the continuation of those in which the Jews were in the time of our Lord: only that Antichrist is manifested, the body of the people are given up to unbelief and the unbridled influence of Satan – seven spirits, worse than the old spirit of idolatry, but along with it, are entered into them, Matthew 12: 42-45.
  • In a word, it is the time of Satan's power, the power of darkness, of the oppression of the Gentiles, of the same Roman beast.

• In the midst of this the rem­nant find themselves, on the one side, conscious of the nation's guilt under the law, and of their filling up of their sins, so that wrath was come upon them, the just vengeance of God; yet they feel this because they are renewed and quickened; and the Jehovah they have sinned against is their only hope.
  • Yet how difficult to trust God for help in difficulties in which we find ourselves under His hand by our sinning against Him!

• Without atonement, they could not be dealt with in grace. The goat of atonement had been offered, so that God could deal with them about their sins for their good, sustain their faith, yet make them feel the weight of their sins, and the darkness they had brought themselves into; and, at the same time, say,
  • “Who is among you that feareth the Lord, that obeyeth the voice of his servant, that walketh in darkness and hath no light? let him trust in the name of the Lord and stay upon his God”, Isaiah 50: 10.

• But the true Aaron will not yet have come forth, so that Israel's sins should be, in administra­tive application, sent away on the scapegoat into the land not inhabited.

Now here the judgment of God against them, the sense of guilt under a broken law and national unfaithfulness, the full power of Satan and the darkness it brings – all rest on the spirit of the people:

• yet, though smitten in the place of dragons, there is integrity of heart, earnest desires after the law, and after God Himself and His worship, and trust in Him as their only resource.

• Thus the full judgment of evil is wrought in them, in hope of goodness and mercy prophetically revealed.

Who is to furnish thoughts, feelings, faith, hope, which can be known to be acceptable and a sus­taining ground of faith, till they look on Him whom they have pierced and find peace?

• The answer to this question, as well as the groundwork of atonement, is found in Christ. All this exercise Christ entered into so as to be able to help them:
  • “This poor man cried”, Psalm 34: 6,

  • God “hath not despised nor abhorred the aflliction of the afflicted”, Psalm 22: 24;

• and the answer came, the proof that He was not abhorred nor despised when He had been really forsaken of God, the real ground of hope for the people.

• When He was on this earth, the power of gentile evil, with no fear of God before their eyes, was there; the apostate wickedness of the priestly rulers of Israel who would have no king but Caesar, and who called for the blood of their King to be on them and on their children
  • – the power of Satan and darkness was there; the judgment of God standing out in all its truthfulness and terror, not one godly man left; the guilt of Israel under a broken law and a rejected Jehovah and King – of the Anointed as of the Lord –

• pressed upon the spirit of any intelligent saint, if such there were, as in the last days.

It was not now, in these last scenes of Christ's life, the manifestation of the Lord in grace to Israel, the revelation of the Father's name to the few given to Jesus out of the world,

• but the passing in heart and spirit through, and enduring the sorrow of Israel's own case, and of the effect of His being the Head of promise to that people and now to be cut off and have nothing – of Israel's case

• that is, as under the government of Jehovah when guilty and rejecting their own mercies, yet with the sense a holy soul, wrapped up in Israel's blessings, would have of such a state before the judgment of God;
  • besides, though not yet made a curse nor drinking the cup, the sense of it under God's government and Satan's power.

• Here good and evil were fully entered into and proved of the Lord, Himself perfect in the good, and perfectly tried by and apprehending the evil.
  • That is, He must undergo the whole power of evil, not as in judgment, but as trial.

• Was Satan using death and darkness, sorrow and terror, with God's judgment sanction­ing the pressure of it on the soul – men but His instruments to add to the grief, be they friends or foes? Was Israel's sin and rejection of good come to its height? Was all this used by Satan against the soul of Christ to stay Him in the path?

• Was He to enter into the temptation which thus pressed on Him and give way; or, trusting God, was He to go on in the path of obedience, and drink the cup itself in obedience to God His Father?

• In the synoptical gospels we have the trial; in John, the full and blessed answer. He passes through the trial with God, does not take what death imports from Satan's hand, so to speak, nor stop in His path;
  • but, while going perfectly through it as the power of darkness, receives the cup itself – instead of drinking from it under Satan's terror – from His Father's hand,

• and gives Himself freely up in love and obedience to expiate the sin under God's hand in the atonement, which Satan had in vain wielded to deter Him from it.

The power of evil as trial was broken entirely, and Satan's power of darkness annulled for us.

• Man might be made to pass through it under the government of God, to learn what he was, what sin is, what the power of evil in which he had been lying is;
  • but the sympathy and sustaining grace of Christ can support him through it, suggest the right thoughts and feelings under it, and be found a resource in every pressure, so that faith should not fail, however sore that pressure may be.

• Atone­ment was needed for this, but the sympathy and consolations of Christ in the trial are what sustain and encourage the hearts of the remnant through their various trials down to the lowest depths of sorrow.

• If it be asked how they can profit by it, not having any direct knowledge of or faith in Christ, I reply, It is exactly what is furnished in the most admirable detail in the Psalms, where every part of their external sorrow and internal distress is expressed and entered into;
  • the dreadful weight of a broken law, the power of adversaries without conscience, the temptation and pressure of the adversary, with the thoughts and feelings whether of distress or faith are given a voice to by divine grace, with the witness that He, who in all their aflliction was afllicted, and the Angel whose presence succoured them, has not forgotten them in their deepest distress*

• but, as the poor Man, has passed through it for them, and can comfort them under it, putting His seal upon the holy desires He has awakened in them, with the certainty of a divine answer, and that even by that Son of man, the branch which God made strong for Himself.

• Hence it is that these Psalms, besides the personal piety which is found in them, have been the com­fort of distressed souls who were under the law, and not yet knowing the fulness of redemption, for such will be the state of the remnant.
  • * I hold the denial of Christ's passing through the sorrow and distress of Israel to be a fatal denial of the truth of His sufferings. The power of gentile wickedness, of Jewish apostasy, desertion by man, and Satan's power, were really felt by Him as no remnant ever will feel them – and the setting aside all the promises of God as to their then fulfilment in Him come in the flesh, and that brought about by His being cut off.

Hence, too, we find in them the desire of the judgment of enemies and the execution of vengeance, because it is by that judgment alone that the remnant of the people will be delivered.

• Here, too, we find the assurance that the Lord will build up Zion, and the remnant of His people inhabit it, in Psalms, where the sufferings of Christ are entered into in detail, Psalm 102.

• Indeed, we have in the Psalms a complete and perfect history of the remnant in every circumstantial and moral phase of their path, both of Jews and Israel, and the result in blessing with Messiah, together with the way in which Christ has entered into it
  • – these last Psalms being prophetic of Christ personally, though in many we have the remnant also, while all the Psalms are the expression of His spirit.

• The godly remnant is the first thought in them­ – their subject – Christ's sympathy is with them. The first Psalm gives us the godly remnant, the subject of God's government; and the second, Messiah, King in Zion, object of His counsel and decree; and after that, all the various experiences which flow from His rejection up to the glory at the end.

I have already shown that the time in which Christ went through the distress and sorrow, under which the remnant fall through their sin, was not that of those public services by which He was the light of the world revealing to others His Father's name,

• but when – going again up to Jerusalem for that purpose, and setting His face as a flint for it, and not hiding His face from shame and spitting, His rejection being the ground of Israel's divorce, Isaiah 50 – He was subject to the fullest exercise of soul, under the power of darkness, in the hour of His rebellious rejecters, who could triumph in His apparent rejection by God;

• when all was changed from the time that He sat daily in the temple, and no man laid hands upon Him; when the prince of this world came.

Few, comparatively, of the Psalms apply wholly and exclusively to Christ. The great body of them express the working of His spirit in the hearts of His tried ones.

• The difference – even where suffer­ing is the subject – between those which are, and those which are not, exclusively applicable to Him, is very evident, and

• particularly between His sufferings from the hand of God and from the hand of man, even when this was under the visitations of God and the power of the enemy. It is worth while to note these points distinctly.

Psalm 2 refers personally to Christ as Messiah, the Son of God, born in this world; Psalm 8, as Son of man.

• In Psalm 16 we find Him formally taking His place among the godly remnant, treading the path of life through death up to fulness of joy in resurrection.

• Psalms 20 and 21 have, in a certain sense, also Christ alone for their subject, Psalm 22 clearly so.

• Sins are not confessed till Psalm 25. The integrity of heart of the remnant is presented, or Christ Himself.

• Besides these, Psalm 40, though mainly of Him, is not absolutely so – see verse 5.

• In Psalm 45 He is clearly celebrated; Psalm 69 speaks also chiefly, but not exclusively of Him – see verse 26.

• In Psalm 72 we find Him again as Solomon; Psalms 101 and 102 treat also of Him as King in Israel, and, though cut off, as Jehovah the Creator.

• In Psalm 110 He is exalted to Jehovah's right hand to be priest after the order of Melchizedek.

• In other Psalms He is introduced, but He is not their personal subject. I do not call to mind others of which He is exclusively or preeminendy the subject, though it is possible some one may have escaped me; my object is rather to give a certain number of distinct examples than a list of them.

• As regards the Psalms which speak of His suffering, the marks which distinguish those which speak of His sufferings from man, and those which express His sufferings under the hand of God, are very clear and decisive.

• Thus in Psalms 20 and 21 He suffers from the hand of man. The consequence is, Psalm 21 announces judgment on man.

• So it is in Psalm 69, though other elements are found there. The Psalm treats of the number of those who hate Him without a cause, who gave Him gall for meat, and in His thirst gave Him vinegar to drink; and He desires that their table be a snare to them; that their eyes be darkened, and that God should pour out His indignation upon them.

• So even in Psalm 31, though it has less of this character, yet it still has this distinctive mark of the looking for judgment on the wicked – verse 17-18.

I have already remarked that in sorrows from human persecution, on account of what is good, His saints can have a part.

• The pressure of it, in connection with sins, and the desire of vengeance or judgment, finds its accomplishment in the remnant of the Jews in the last day.*

• In Psalm 102, where, though the enemies are seen, the sorrow of Messiah is traced to God's indignation+ and wrath, who has lifted Him up as Messiah, and cast Him down, even to the dust of death, no desire for judgment is expressed, but blessing and grace are the result.

• This is most strikingly displayed in Psalm 22, where the atoning work of the cross is the distinct and definite subject. As soon as the Lord is heard from the horns of the unicorns, His first thought is – as indeed it historically was – to make known all the blessing of His God and Father's name, where in unclouded blessing and righteous­ness He now stood, to His brethren.

• Then He praises in the midst of the church, then in the great congregation – all Israel in the latter day; then the blessing reaches all the ends of the earth in millennial mercies; then the seed afterwards born.

• To all the word is, that He has done this. No trace of judgment from Him who has borne our sins and drunk the dreadful cup for us, nor from Him who made Him to be sin for us, in the counsels of unutterable grace.
  • * It is one of the things which characterise the Book of Revelation also as distinct, in its prophetic.. part, from an address to the church on its own ground of blessing, and its taking a proper pro­phetic and not evangelical character, that we find joy over the judgment of Babylon, and in the souls under the altar the desire of vengeance.

  • + 'Indignation', is, I may say, the technical word used for the time of trouble in the last days.

Now in Psalm 69 we have the cross also, and not merely the wickedness of man, though that is fully entered into; but the trusting of God and distress under the sense of sins.

• How is this to be distinguished from the atoning work of Christ?

• Here the difficulty presents itself fully, but if we wait patiently on the Lord, all difficulties of Scrip­ture are inlets to light and blessing.

• The marks I have noticed as indicating sufferings from man, and other distinguishing ones, are clearly found in this Psalm. Judgment is looked for on the enemies­ – an absolute and conclusive distinction in the very nature of the suffering; and there is another characteristic already noticed, but to our purpose here.
  • We read, v. 26, “They persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded”.

• Here we have evidently more than man's persecutions. They take advantage of God's hand upon the sorrow­ing One to add to His burden and grief. This is not atonement,* but there is sorrow and smiting from God. Hence we find the sense of sins (v. 5),
  • though of course in the case of Christ they were not His own personally, but Israel's – in a certain sense we may say ours, but specially the nation's sins.

• But we have the clear proof that they are not viewed as atoning sufferings; because, instead of suffering in the place of others, so that they should not have one drop of that cup to drink, others are associated with the Lord here in them.
  • “They persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded”.

• When men are wounded too, when Christ is the companion with them – not a substi­tute for them – then atonement is not wrought nor the judgment of condemnation endured. Yet God has smitten and wounded. It is not merely man that has caused suffering. Man comes in in malice to add to the sorrow.
  • * It goes on to that in which in another aspect atonement was made. To make death in itself, or mere cutting off, atonement, is ruinous, unless that death be viewed as the expression of wrath from God. It is the secret or unconscious denial of what sin is, and what it deserves – rests in the outside – that is, makes everything of external suffer­ings – and is infidelity at bottom.

Thus we have, along with the suffering from man at the epoch of the crucifixion –- the special object of Psalm 69 – bringing judgment on man, the third character of Christ's sufferings,

• His entering into the suffering of Israel under the government of God, through full sense of which He passes, and in the effect of whose evil state He has a part in being cut off as a Messiah;

• at the epoch of His final sorrows, sufferings, and rejection, they were bringing on themselves, in rejecting Him, and through which the remnant will pass and into which Christ is entered for them, afflicted in all their affliction.

• Hence, too, though in most deep waters, overflown, weary of crying, Christ is not forsaken – His prayer is to God in an acceptable time.

• Deep as is the distress, it has a character wholly and entirely contrasted with atonement; yet it is not the ministry of Jesus in blessing in the enjoyment of the light of His Father's countenance, but the conflict and agony of His soul when the power of darkness is at work.

Another very striking fact in the path of the blessed Lord which I alluded to, is this: during the whole of His life of service,

• all through, including Geth­semane, Christ never addresses God by the name of God. He always says “Father”.

• On the cross we know His words were “My God, my God”. In His life this title would have been out of place – ­not, of course, because it did not belong to Him whom he addressed, but because it was not the expression of the unclouded relationship and conscious blessedness of sonship in which the blessed Lord always stood.

• On the cross God was dealing with Him about sin, and therefore as God, in His nature, majesty, righteousness, and truth. Here sin was to be dealt with as such by God, and the blessed One expresses according to truth the position in which His holy soul stood.
  • We are permitted in wondrous grace to see Him in such a One. Infinite and wondrous grace it is.

• But the terms the Lord makes use of mark very clearly and solemnly the difference of the two positions in which the blessed Lord relatively stood.

• Till the cross the Lord walked in the enjoyment of the relationship of a Son with the Father, yea, an only begotten Son, knowing that the Father heard Him always.

• On the cross, as we have seen, all that God was against sin, He, as made sin, had to feel and meet and endure; but then, returned into the full joy of all that His Father and God was in righteousness, redemption being accomplished, He brings His disciples into the enjoyment and joy of both.
  • “I ascend to my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God”.

When I speak of three characters of the sufferings of Christ, it is not that He did not in detail suffer in a thousand ways; yea, everything was a suffering, His perfectness and love being shown in enduring.

• I speak merely of three distinct positions in which, or principles on which, He suffered.

• Another question arises, connected with these points, as to the active and passive obedience of Christ, as it is called – whether the righteousness of Christ, as obedient under the law, is imputed to us; and then also as to His priesthood.
  • One thing is certain, that “without shedding of blood is no remission”;

• and it is a singular atonement and vicarious work, which had no such effect.

• There was, we are told, a 'sin-bearing life' – that the sufferings of Christ during His life were satisfactory; yet they obtain no remission, for without shedding of blood there is no remission.

• My earnest objection, however, is not against this, but against a doctrine which, on the contrary, declares that these sufferings were not vicarious, but the effect of Christ's being born a man and a Jew, and which makes us consequently partakers of these sufferings under wrath as our privilege.

• Still, those who insist that Christ's living sufferings were satisfactory, and that all His suffer­ings wrought the work of redemption, should explain how it is that remission is wholly by some­thing else.

Finally, I say, that he who says that Christ –

• ­when He said, “I cry in the day-time, and thou hearest not”,

• and when He said, “I know that thou hearest me always”,

• when He said, “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”

• and when He said, “He that sent me is with me; the Father hath not left me alone, for I do always those things which please him”

• – was in the same position, and accomplishing the same work before God, knows neither the tenor of His life, nor the true power of His death rightly before God.

• Acceptable He always was; but bearing sins unheard, drinking the cup given Him in the forsaking of God, and enjoying divine favour, knowing He was always heard, are not the same thing;
  • and he who holds that they are, does not yet know what his sins have cost the Lord.

I close this paper, already too long, but justified by the importance of the subject, by stating the different characteristic periods of Christ's life as presented by Scripture.

1. First, until He was about thirty years old – save His going up to Jerusalem at twelve years old, given doubtless as a testimony to what He was in person and grace, and to show that His relationship to the Father did not depend on any extraordinary anointing for office by the Holy Spirit – He remained in the obscurity of a patient and perfect life, awaiting His calling of God.

2. Second, He then associates Himself publicly with the remnant and is baptized by John, and is owned by the Father, sealed and anointed with the Holy Spirit. He thereupon goes up, before His public service, into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. He overcomes and binds the strong man. Satan departs from Him for a season.

   Subsequently to this He goes about doing good and healing all that were oppressed by the devil, for God was with Him-does always such things as please Him – is always heard and knows it.

   Satan comes back as prince of this world, and having the power of death. At the beginning he had tempted Christ with all that might be hoped to allure Him, physically, spiritually, and by the glory of the world. Christ, having overcome, displayed the power which could deliver man from all the effects of that of Satan

   Now, man's enmity is brought out, and Satan proves Him by the power of death and the terrible consequences of what man was in judgment, what He must go through if He will take up his cause being such. This was at the epoch of His last visit to Jerusalem.

3. Finally, He drinks the cup which He had freely and submissively taken at His Father's hand, and works redemption on the cross for those who believe in Him.